Conservatism Bias

When presented with new evidence, this financial behavioral bias tends to revise one's initial beliefs insufficiently. It can occur in two ways. For example, when investors are presented with new information, they may be slow to react.

Secondly, an investor may hang on to their initial beliefs about the stock market because of their psychological state, making it challenging to integrate new data to their beliefs, such as stress.

Recognizing the bias is key to overcoming it. Here, one should analyze the investment objectively as per the new and emerging evidence, to make an informed decision.

Confirmation Bias

This financial behavioral bias involves searching for, interpreting, favoring, and recalling information that supports one's beliefs. An investor with confirmation bias will ignore facts that challenge their values or even bad news. To resolve this, seek information that opposes one's beliefs and, secondly, seek corroborating information.

Representative Bias

It occurs when an individual makes judgments based on pre-existing stereotypes. For instance, an investor may have a negative perception of stocks that may have performed poorly and a positive perception of stocks that may have performed well in the past. As a result, the investor will undervalue and overvalue these stocks, respectively.

The illusion of Control Bias

It is the tendency to believe an individual can influence outcomes even though it is not possible. The illusion of control bias is common among investors with a significant net worth, especially those who unrealistically believe they have a certain level of control. It takes education to make investors realize the volatility and unpredictability of the global investment environment and the extent to which they have no control over its outcomes.

Hindsight Bias

Also referred to as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon, it is the tendency to view the outcome of an event as having been more predictable than they actually were. For example, a financial adviser may recommend certain stocks to an investor, who, in turn, may think of the recommendation as one they liked from the start, even though it may not be the case. However, when the recommendation does not turn out well, the investor may think they had doubts initially, even when it is evident that it was not true.

Loss Aversion

People are naturally wired to avoid losses, and investors hate to take losses. This explains why investors avoid selling anything at a loss. Instead, they would rather hold on to the stock and sell them when they get back to the price they bought them. This attitude is harmful because some stocks do not get back to their initial price or may not increase altogether. This bias can be solved by being disciplined in security selection and valuation processes.

Overconfidence

This behavioral finance bias involves the tendency to overestimate the chances of success. It is prevalent in high-net-worth individuals who might have taken a chance at some point and succeeded. Overconfidence can be detrimental to an investor; it can cause them to have biased judgments, invest excessively in opportunities they know little about, take unreasonable risks, and ignore that they are at an informational disadvantage. Overcoming this type of bias demands that an investor remains objective at all times in their investment decisions.

Self-Control Bias

It is the tendency to place short-term gratification over long-term goals. Almost everyone knows the importance of saving; yet, most people focus on present-day consumption, whereby they have difficulty distinguishing between wants and needs. As a result, people with self-control bias do not often save enough for retirement. However, overcoming this bias requires a properly constructed long-term financial plan and discipline to follow through with the plan.

Status Quo Bias

This bias tends to select choices that ratify, confirm, or continue existing situations. It is a strong bias to overcome; however, it takes quality education for investors to realize the bias. 

Endowment Bias

It occurs when a person values owned assets more than unowned assets. This may cause an individual to ask for a higher price to dispose of an owned asset and offer a significantly lower price to acquire an unowned asset.

Regret Aversion

It is a strong human emotion that involves feeling disappointed in the future for the things you did not do rather than the things you did. For example, it may drive an investor to buy the latest and most trending stock because of the fear of missing out on an opportunity. It takes appropriate education and objectivity to overcome this type of emotional bias.

What are behavioral biases?

It is the tendency towards certain cognitive or emotional dispositions that influence an investor's decisions regarding savings and investments.

How can behavioral biases impact my financial goals?

Whether cognitive or emotional, biases can impede you from achieving your financial goals. For example, it may drive you into making the wrong decisions that will hurt your financial health in the long run.

What kinds of financial behavioral biases do we look for?

The two categories are cognitive and emotional bias. Cognitive biases include hindsight conservatism, confirmation, an illusion of control, and representativeness. Emotional biases include regret aversion, loss aversion, endowment, self-control, status quo, and overconfidence.